ABSTRACT In this work, sol-gel/dip-coating process for obtaining yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ, ZrO2–8% Y2O3) films deposited onto LSM-YSZ (lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3) mixed with YSZ) with different proportions (20/80, 50/50, 80/20) was investigated. The films were deposited on substrate varying the number of layers deposited. LSM powders were obtained by the combustion method using metal nitrates and urea and YSZ was commercial. LSM-YSZ composite powders were obtained by the solid state method, through ball-milling of a mixture of LSM-YSZ (mass ratio) powder for 4 h with 500 rpm using ZrO2 balls as milling media. For LSM-YSZ substrate a study of sintering temperature was performed, where the optimum sintering temperature for each LSM-YSZ studied proportion was obtained. According to our results, it was found that 1100 ºC is the optimum sintering temperature for 20/80, 950 ºC is the optimum sintering temperature for 50/50 and 900 ºC is the optimum sintering temperature for 80/20 because of the good phase formation. The films were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The films showed LSM, YSZ, SrZrO3 and La2O3 phases. Crack-free, homogeneous and well adhered films were obtained with a thickness between 3 and 38 µm. In this work, YSZ films with appropriate thickness were obtained for application as SOFC electrolyte.

RESUMO Dispersões de óxido de grafeno (GO) e de óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO) foram produzidas, respectivamente, por via química através do método de Hummers modificado e por redução do GO com adição de polímero PSS (poli (4-estirenosulfonato de sódio)) e ácido ascórbico. Amostras de GO e rGO/PSS foram caracterizadas pelas seguintes técnicas: microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia Raman e espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X (XPS). A partir das dispersões foram depositados filmes finos em substratos de vidro pelos seguintes métodos: spray, dip coating e spin coating. Os filmes produzidos foram, em seguida, tratados termicamente para melhoria da aderência nos substratos e, especificamente para os filmes de GO, para redução, de modo a formar o óxido de grafeno reduzido termicamente (trGO). Os filmes foram caracterizados quanto a espessura, morfologia, transmitância e resistência de folha. Por meio das caracterizações realizadas a partir das dispersões foi possível observar folhas de grafeno pela microscopia óptica, indicando o sucesso do método de produção empregado; por meio do XPS, determinou-se a composição das amostras de GO e rGO e confirmou-se que a redução com ácido ascórbico foi efetiva; as transmitâncias obtidas mostraram-se dentro da faixa indicada para aplicação e as resistividades de algumas amostras, alcançaram valores próximos a de materiais tradicionalmente aplicados como filmes transparentes e condutores.

ABSTRACT Dispersions of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were respectively chemically produced by the modified Hummers method and by reducing GO with the addition of PSS polymer (poly (4-styrenesulfonate sodium)) and ascorbic acid. Samples of GO and rGO/PSS were characterized by the following techniques: optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the dispersions thin films were deposited on glass substrates by the following methods: spray, dip coating and spin coating. The films produced were then thermally treated to improve adhesion on substrates and, specifically for GO films, for reduction, so as to form thermally reduced graphene oxide (trGO). The films were characterized as thickness, morphology, transmittance and sheet resistance. By means of the characterizations made from the dispersions it was possible to observe graphene sheets by optical microscopy, indicating the success of the production method employed; by means of the XPS, the composition of the samples of GO and rGO was determined and confirmed that the reduction with ascorbic acid was effective; the obtained transmittances were within the range indicated for application and the resistivities of some samples reached values close to that of materials traditionally applied as transparent films and conductors.

Although the production of liquid fuels from coal, natural gas (CTL and GTL processes) and other carbon sources has been discovered 90 years ago, the interest was renewed in the last years motivated by stranded gas reserves and by petroleum market instability. This review intends to show the scenario of these technologies nowadays, discussing the applied technologies, the steps in an industrial plant, the ways to produce syngas and liquid fuels, the catalysts used, the type of reactors and the operating plants with their respective capacities, besides the technical, economical and environmental viability, challenges and perspectives for Brazil.